Siaffing for a telecommunting job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Siaffing for a telecommunting work - Essay Example The principle explanation behind suggesting this technique is that leading meetings with the previous officeholder, and their prompt administrator, will help catch the significant subtleties identified with the sets of responsibilities and particulars. Moreover, interviews with masters in the advertising part will be vital to help catch any subtleties that the active office holder and the chiefs may neglect to show. Moreover, interviews with pros in working from home will likewise be pivotal to help give data that the organization will use to realign this new job. It is essential to take note of that, this technique would even now be relevant in examining a vocation in the customary office condition since similar subtleties are pivotal separated from those identified with working from home. In actuality, a similar examination strategy will be relevant separated from leading meetings with a working from home authority. The best strategy to use in selecting and employing a remote worker for the organization will be through recruiting of a remote worker from inside the organization. In such manner, this strategy is the most suitable since the organization will stay away from the issues identified with inadequate socialization. Also, guarantee that the remote worker employed is dependable, of which it will be a test to demonstrate reliable once recruiting was from outside the organization. Past the worth harmoniousness and suitable aptitudes for the activity, and reliability, it is critical to research other significant attributes significant for working from home. In such manner, these attributes consolidate the ability to work free of express oversight, self-inspiration, certainty, and a person with urgent administrative aptitudes (Schilling, 1999). In is just through recruiting inside the organization this is reachable. Then again, if the activity was not of a working from home nature, this strateg y of employing and enrollment could be material since similar highlights are required in a

the acropolis essays

the acropolis articles The Acropolis of Athens has remained as a landmark of triumph to the individuals of Athens for a considerable length of time past. The sanctuaries inside its dividers were utilized to love Greek divine beings like Athena and Poseidon. Ascending more than 300 feet over the city of Athens, it can unmistakably be seen why it is known as the Acropolis, which inexactly interpreted signifies top of city. It isn't the main acropolis in Greece, yet it is worshipped more than the others as a result of its practically perfect arranging in where each building is set. It took 200 years of testing to hit the nail on the head. Each building is set explicitly to be satisfying to the watcher's eye. From the watcher's perspective each building is found in context, and at no time from the passage is one structure seen from just a single veneer. This is the thing that made the Acropolis at Athens so astonishing. What makes the Acropolis much all the more astounding is the structures inside its dividers . There is the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, the sanctuary of Athena Nike, and the sky is the limit from there. In the wake of climbing almost 300 feet up the slope you come to what is known as the Propylaia. The Propylaia is the passage to the Acropolis and was utilized to plan admirers before entering the entryways to the sanctuaries inside. Development started on the Propylaia in 437 B.C. furthermore, was finished in 432 B.C. The modeler of the Propylaia was Mnesikles, and the undertaking was definitely not simple with the thinness of room and the sporadic territory. In spite of these obstructions he was effective in making an amicable passageway. Unevenly masterminded structures made the propylaia. The most significant of these structures was the Pinakotheke on the north side with contained the workmanship display. The Propylaia has an external and internal veneer, both bolstered by six Doric segments with five entryways between them, the biggest entryway was situated in the center. Further inside the Propylaia, there are Ionic sections, which helped bolster the rooftop. These segments w.. . <!

Seeples Spotlight Erin Lue-Hing COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Seeples Spotlight Erin Lue-Hing COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Today, please welcome Erin Lue-Hing. She is a 2nd-year MPA student concentrating in Urban and Social Policy and specializing in the US Region. Her background comprises law, health policy, social policy, advocacy for under-served communities and government administration.  Prior to SIPA, Erin worked as a Data Analyst and Project Manager for the New Jersey Homeless Management Information System under the Department of Community Affairs. She graduated from Brandeis University with a Bachelor of Arts in Health Policy and a minor in Legal Studies as a Martin Luther King, Jr. Scholar. She was elected and served as the Future Leader for the Jamaica Diaspora Advisory Board, Northeast USA from 2014-2017, and was the 2017 recipient of the Jamaica Governor-General Award for Achievement.     What attracted you to SIPA and Columbia University? After working in state government for several years, I became fascinated with the role of leaders and decision-makers at the state and local level, and wanted to learn more about what went into the decision-making process for policy-making. I wanted to understand how leaders were able to help communities, what best practices were, and how to economically develop urban and other communities. Having also served as a leader in the Jamaican-American community, I felt that incorporating an international perspective into my leadership was crucial within an ever-globalizing world. SIPA was a natural fit for me and has given me invaluable exposure on how to be a leader in a domestic and global context.   What experiences do you think prepared you to  attend SIPA? Being in the policy world prior to SIPA and seeing how things actually happen behind-the-scenes was extremely useful for understanding all of my SIPA courses thus far. Having to multi-task as a leader also helped me to manage SIPA’s rigorous courseload.   What has been the best part of your SIPA experience? The best part of my SIPA experience has been the friends that I have made and the connections to leaders in the local and international community. Meeting former UN Secretary Ban Ki-Moon was incredible! Going to a school that is situated in one of the greatest cities in the world has opened up so many opportunities and allowed me the chance to enrich a very lively community.   What has been the most challenging part of your SIPA experience?  Getting used to student life once again after working for several years. SIPA also comprises a lot of group work in addition to lectures, so I had to plan my time very carefully to ensure success. What kind of work do you hope to do when you graduate?  I hope to work in both local and eventually federal government leadership to effect change in our neediest communities through sound policy- and decision-making. Having competent leadership can make a huge difference for so many citizens.

My Blind Spot Essay - 1736 Words

As an out of state student, I came to Seattle seeking higher education and new perspectives. I am originally from a well off, stable, white, catholic family in Austin, Texas, United States of America. All of these factors have left me seeking a college degree, which has always been expected of me, and the means to pay for that experience. Without having to worry about paying for college, I have many more opportunities than those who have to work their way through college. These opportunities stem from advantages like control over how I spend my time, the ability to choose where I would like to study, and not necessarily needing to consider the practicality of my studies. Though these all contribute to a more enjoyable and fruitful college†¦show more content†¦Being an American, I was aware of the opportunities in American universities and wanted to stay in the U.S. for college. I chose Washington, knowing it would take a lot of time and effort to adjust. In order to help me adjust i chose a fraternity which takes up a lot of my time. All of these are a direct result of not having to work to pay for school. Even though that should be constantly obvious to me, I rarely think about it and take it for granted. I also rarely consider how different the mindset of a student who is paying their way through school is from mine, leading me to treat those people the same as less stressed people, when they deserve more empathy. In order to appeal to those who pay their way through college, I must learn about their experience in a comprehensible manner. In The Atlantic’s The Myth of Working Your Way Through College, Svati Kirsten Narula debunks the theory that it’s still practical for college students to pay their way through school. She analyzes how in the 70s, a student working a minimum wage job like scooping ice cream, could effectively pay for a semester’s tuition in just two weeks of 8.5 hour work days. However, now college is disproporti onately expensive and â€Å"the same student would have to work 48 hours a week at that minimum wage job to pay for his classes† (Narula). After coming to the conclusion that working 48 hours a week wouldn’t leave enough time to go to class, study, and have anyShow MoreRelatedHow the Eye Creates Vision Essay examples906 Words   |  4 Pagesis one of the most important senses because it allows us to gain knowledge about the wold. Without vision our ability to know what your surroundings are is limited. In this essay I will explain the complex structure of the eye, how it works, the properties of vision, and how heterchromia iridis effects the eye. From this essay the reader will be be able to understand the working of the eye and have a foundation for more advanced knowledge. The eye has an intricate structure that consists ofRead MoreThe Victims Of History By George Orwell1234 Words   |  5 Pagesto accept these societally favoured ideologies, without critical investigation we leave ourselves blind to the true atrocities that have been committed in order to secure positions of power. I will be using the opinions and facts presented in the essays written by Tricia Logan and Joan Scott as evidence to support my reasoning for the importance in critical historical studies. Tricia Logan’s essay; Memory, Erasure and National Myth, takes a look at Canadian history through a critical lens, focusingRead MoreHunting1108 Words   |  5 PagesJanuary 2013 Essay 2:  Writer’s Checklist for Informational Essay Does my introduction clearly state my thesis and give the reader an indication of the direction my essay will take? Yes, the very last sentence is my thesis statement. Are my topic sentences and body paragraphs clear and well developed? Yes, it took me a little time to figure them out. Have I fully supported my thesis with ample supporting details and examples? Yes I believe the essay backs my thesis pretty goodRead MoreThe Leader in Me1370 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The Leader in Me Abstract The Author of this essay examines his own Johari window developed from feedback from professional colleagues. From that feedback he reviews these findings as they relate to his relationships and career choices. Additionally the subject of the assessments completed correlates his findings that contribute to the success in the organization in developing one’s own personal skills and the relationship of leading employees. The author’s self assessment findings areRead MoreMiltons Strengths and Weaknesses as a Poet 790 Words   |  3 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to discuss John Milton’s strengths and weaknesses as a poet, writer, and thinker. It is my argument that his strongest strength is the use of descriptive words and phrases from different sources because of his sight. His weaknesses are none other than the reader’s perception. It is hard for me or anyone to discuss these attributes because they are different in each and every poem as with each an d every person. What might be considered a weakness in one poem is strengthRead MoreContinuing Academic Success1559 Words   |  7 PagesCareer Goals As I have begun my online college journey, I have changed the desire of just wanting a degree. The adventures of studying over the past several weeks has opened my eyes to the fact that the educational goal of wanting my Bachelor’s Degree is not the only reason that I now want to complete school. I have learned how to better myself through different learning activities and discovered personality traits that will help me advance in my career and in my life decisions. I lost a good payingRead MoreWhat Makes A Sense Of Encounters Or Experiences You Have Had?845 Words   |  4 PagesEssay #4: How might these results help to make sense of encounters or experiences you have had? In my career, starting in 1990 till 2003, my work experience has been predominantly in and with various customers in Asia namely India, Japan, South Korea and Singapore. This probably has created an implicit association in my mind resulting in seeing Asians as a group and Europeans as a different group. In 2013, I made a 4 day trip to Dubai with family. That was my first trip to a Middle Eastern countryRead MoreSocial And Economic Problems Faced By Michigan1099 Words   |  5 Pagesgood and do their best to promote a safe, equal, and problem-free society, does not mean that it is possible. In this essay I plan to explore the social and economic problems faced my Michigan as they entered the new millennium and the history of special education in Michigan. The constitution of 1850 stated, â€Å"institutions for the benefit of those inhabitants who are deaf, blind, dumb, or insane shall always be fostered and supported† (Ziewacz, 164). Michigan A History of the Great Lakes StateRead MoreThe Is Not Emotionally Healing Or Accepting Our Fate?990 Words   |  4 Pagesnew approach to rewriting in academic essays and text. He sees this phrase as the best tool for writers to use when dealing with other people s ideas and motivations. There are steps you have to take to come to terms with someone else’s writing. First, you must define the project and what the purpose is. Without this key step, you do not really know what to come to terms with and are lost to the goals of the text to begin with. For example, if you read an essay about the benefits of homeschoolingRead MoreMilitary 3000 Word Rbi on Parking Your Military Police Patrol Vehicle3053 Words   |  13 Pages3000 word RBI on why I should back my vehicle into a parking spot Here is what happened. I pv2 stein was on patrol in Schweinfurt Germany on 19 April 2010. I went to work at 1345 like usual for a swing shift. We started guard mount and then we went out to PMCS our vehicles as we always do. I had vehicle 753 for the day so I started my PMCS on that vehicle. I started by checking all of the fluids in the vehicle. I checked all the fluids including the oil and windshield washer fluid. Everything was

Technology And Its Benefits For Students Learning Essay

Technology is becoming increasingly important in everyday life, however; many believe that technology in education is lagging behind other key sectors important to society. The science curriculum is based on the Te Kete Ipurangi which outlines the guidelines for New Zealand curriculum. The importance of chemistry is that students should be able to make connections between concepts of chemistry and their applications and show an understanding of the role chemistry plays in the world around them. This research aims to develop a database for teachers to consult and develop uses for technology for different unit standards. This research will examine whether technology is being used to its full potential in science classrooms. The issue many believe in today’s education system in New Zealand is that it is too prescribed and does not allow flexibility in pedagogy and students learning. Because of this, many teachers are sticking to a pen and paper rather than a stylus and a tablet. The research will focus on whether technology-based classrooms are having positive outcomes for students learning and results or whether technology is a distraction and takes the focus away from the true science that is being learnt. The aim of the project is to create a database for the different uses of technology in a science classroom for teachers to access to develop a wider range of pedagogical methods. This project will focus on two unit standards in NCEA. 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Many students find a sense of accomplishment when working with technology. StudentsRead MoreDigital Devices Are Important For College Students853 Words   |  4 Pagesyou ask a college student:† What is your most important item in college,† they might have different answers such as their personal items, gifts from others. However, most of their answers have in common: digital devices. As the most popular tool for college students, digital devices are irreplaceable due to their importance of college students’ education which assists them to gain enormous information with the coupling of lectures. More than Textbook Compared to the college students several decadesRead MoreBenefits Of Technology In Education1094 Words   |  5 Pagesdeny that technology is becoming a major portion of daily life. The use of technology is impacting the use of medicine, transportation, and work in an unprecedented way allowing for innovations to happen daily. With such rapid expansion, it did not take long for technology to spread into the classroom. Technology started influencing lectures with power points, videos, games, and supplemental material that enhance the grasp of specific concepts to allow for more than one means of learning. But is thisRead MoreLearning Management Systems ( Lms ) Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesLearning management systems (LMS) are design to allow the instructor to develop a webpage that encourages learning. The LMS is sometimes a place for information to be given and quizzes to be develop to test the knowledge of the learner. Simulation software is another technological based tool that allows for active learning. Simulators often times are dummies that use computer software that simulates situation that is designed to assist the learner. The purpose of this paper is to take a look at theRead MoreThe Flipped Classroom Experience1524 Words   |  6 PagesTechnologies have its own share of advantages and disadvantages. 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Now, however, computer technologies provide access to digital versions of these references–and to libraries worldwide. Encyclopedias on CD-ROMs provide information, digital images, vid eo, and audio, and also provide links to websites where students access tools such as live web cameras and globalRead MoreTechnology As A Tool For Technology931 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology in the Classroom Many classrooms across the country are immersed with technology. Technology is used in a plethora of ways in today’s classrooms. The widespread use of technology in classroom instruction dates back to universities trickling down to pre-schools. When technology exists daily in the classroom; strategies are endless when dealing with classroom management. According to Khatib, (2014) â€Å"the use of the Internet as a tool for technology-enhanced instruction has educators

Need for Immigration Reform Free Essays

string(103) " to disruption by colonialism or distortions form neocolonial practices like capitalism or due to war\." Immigration refers to the movement of people from one country to settle in another. In the United States of America, foreigners have since time immemorial been moving in and settling in the U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Need for Immigration Reform or any similar topic only for you Order Now Immigration brings about culture change as different people have varying cultures. There has been sharp disintegration between those who are naturally in the U.S and those who came to settle there. In most cases they were excluded from the U.S citizenship. The Mc Carran-Walter Act, which is also known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, establishes the basic laws of citizenship and immigration in the U.S. over the years this law has undergone several changes. The law initially admitted a certain number of immigration of each nationality. This means that on attaining the specified number of immigrants other people were excluded from U.S. (Bromwell 225) In 1965, the congress passed a law that paved way to immigrants with certain skills needed by the U.S. It also allowed close relatives of U.S citizens the preference to live in U.S. In 1990, a law was passed that reinforced the 1965 one. Aliens were allowed to attain U.S citizenship but after being admitted as legal immigrants. Again, those who fled to the U.S after being officially certified as refugees could receive immigrant status. The legal system in the U.S was racial discriminatory. The sequence of laws from 1882 through 1934 excluded immigrants from China, Japan, India and the Philippines. It was therefore biased.( http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/usMigrat.html) The Chinese exclusion of Act of 1882 prohibited citizenship for Chinese immigrants in 1884, 1886 and 1888 other acts were passed to reinforce this act. It was the only act that was so explicit on race-based immigration. The Immigration Act of 1917: Exclusion of Asian Indians Act. This Act was passed basing on the fact that their racial and ethnic status was not well elaborated. In 1922, Japan born applicants who had lived in the U.S for most of their lives could not get U.S citizenship. This was done with the argument that their language differed very much from the U.S and this would create problems. However, so as not to create problems based on color, the court defined white as ‘Caucasian’. In 1923, as immigrants from India and Bhagat Singh Thind attempted to claim that they were ‘Caucasian’. The court changed the definition. It sidelined anthropological and historical issues to coin a word that would not cause much attention. It also separated the desirable immigrants form the undesirable ones. (Josiah 57) The Immigration Act of 1924 excluded Japanese from U.S citizenship. This act totally excluded Japanese and other Asian who had been barred by the 1790 Naturalization law that stated that only whites could be naturalized as citizens. It was aimed at reducing or balancing ethnic distribution as immigrants from Europe and Asia were increasing drastically. (Miller et al, 304) The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1932 excluded Filipino’s easy access to its citizenship it reduced the number of persons to be taken in to  ¼ of 50 persons per year. Filipinos living in the U.S were named or titled ‘aliens’. The U.S reaction against the Filipino’s was connected with issue of Philippine independence from U.S colonization. This was like a hit back gesture towards the Filipinos. (http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/usMigrat.html) In 1913, 1920, 1923 alien land laws prohibited the Asians, immigrants’ from owning any form of property including land. The U.S considered those who were not whites ineligible to acquire citizenship and consequently could not own property. The Asian Barred Zone Act of 1917, denied people from South Asia to South East Asia and the islands. In the Indian and Pacific oceans surprisingly, it excluded American possessions of the Philippines and Guam. The Magnuson Act of 1943 brought a significant change to the plight of immigrants of Asian origin. It repealed the 1882 exclusion act that prohibited immigrants of Asian origin from gaining U.S citizenship. It established a quota for Chinese immigrants and made Chinese eligible for citizenship. (Bromwell 225) The Mc Carran Act of 1952 abolished the 1917 Asia Barred Zone Act and allowed Asian immigration into the United States based on ethnic quotas. The quotas were not specified on nationality but through racialized ethnic categories. 100 ethnic persons were allowed to enter U.S annually. These were from diverse nations. The Cold War effects made the U.S to have strict quotas that were based on strategic territorial mapping. Any alien who engaged in questionable activities would be deported on the claims of ‘public interest ‘or ‘national security’ threat issues. (Miller et al, 57) The 1965 immigration act removed ‘natural origins’ as the basis of the U.S immigration legislation. This is say that considering citizens only by birth was eliminated. It was an amendment of the 1952 Mc Carren Act. It gave preferences to people of the Eastern Hemisphere and allowed their adult unmarried sons and daughters to be citizens. Spouses and unmarried sons and daughters of permanent residents could also gain U.S citizenship. Professionals, scientists and artists who had extreme capabilities were allowed in too. Other categories of people who got U.S citizenship were married adults sons and daughters of U.S citizenship, brothers and sisters of adult citizens, workers both skilled and unskilled who would fill the deficient labor supply in the U.S as well as refugees who came from communist based countries. Those affected by natural calamities were also allowed. After 1965, legal regulations on immigration shifted their focus or refocused on how definition was put. For instance ‘alien’ was replaced with illegal. The Asia immigrant history is reflected in the Asian American culture and they do remember how the U.S segregated them. The Indochina migration and refugee Assistance Act of 1975, the Refugee Act of 1980, and the Amerasian homecoming Act of 1987 facilitated the immigration and settlement of Southeast Asian refugees. The Asian immigration comprised immigrants from South Korea, Philippines, South Vietnam and Cambodia and was due to U.S colonialism, war and neocolonialism. Most Asians immigrated due to disruption by colonialism or distortions form neocolonial practices like capitalism or due to war. You read "Need for Immigration Reform" in category "Essay examples" In 1986 the Immigrant Reform and Control Act was put in place. It was to reform the current situation on immigration. The Immigration Act of 1990 reinforced it. Illegal citizens got citizenship those who were there before 1982. It was a crime to hire illegal immigrants. Immigration today is still a sensitive mater than creates, contradictions between the capital and the state, economic and political imperatives.   Californians Proposition 187 was passed in 1994 and it denies education and medical care to illegal immigrants. It is observed that groups aimed here are Mexicans and Latinos. Latinos and Mexicans have provided semi-skilled labor to the U.S since the 1950’s. They work in farms, hotels and domestic services in U.S and they get low wages for that. They work under poor conditions. The U.S does not improve their working conditions and those positions do not attract its own citizens. This perpetuates the movement of illegal immigration in search for low wage jobs. (George 52) The 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 made significant changes on asylum law, immigration detention, and criminal-related immigration. The Real ID Act of 2005 was aimed at barring terrorism. National standards were established, waiving laws that interfered with construction of physical barriers at the borders. It entailed frightening laws on application for asylum and alien deportation for terrorism activity. The government funded reports with security and changing visa limits for temporary workers. After the 9/11 U.S had to reform the immigration laws. Entry of civil immigration was to be put into the national crime information center, a computer crime database to criminalize it. Deportation was to take place. People supporting immigrants would be jailed. Employees will be required to verify their employee’s eligibility to work through the employment eligibility verification systems. Illegal workers were to be granted guest workers visas. H-1 B visas would be designed for comprises to employ temporary skilled workers. There is need to reform the current, immigration rules and regulations in U.S. the rule of verifying ones immigration status even in churches is an extreme. It reduces the work of the church leaders to immigration enforcement officials. Being penalized for helping immigrants who in most cases are poor is jeopardizing with Christians faith of a call to help. It will create conflict between the church and the state. (Bill Ong Hing 79) Today, the system will fail to attract and retain legal permanent immigrants who are most able to contribute valuable human resources to the country. Reforms ought to be done to legal permanent and temporary systems to promote recruitment and retainment of migrants who can contribute to the U.S national interest in immigration.   Reforming of changing the institutional and regulatory structure governing the employment of immigrants within the U.S to ensure migrants contribute maximally to development of U.S and at reduced costs. Immigration control policies should be changed and immigration should not be used as a tool of foreign policy. ( http://ccis-ucsd.org/publication/wrkg132.pdf) The government should tackle long-term issues regarding to the immigrants role in the economy instead of tackling new temporary worker program. The immigration bill will cost the country a lot of money and this would be jeopardized if ID theft were carried out. Creation of Employment Eligibility Verification (EEV) systems that will entail high levels of sharing of information across many electronic databases can be easily tampered. EEV’S will expose people’s personal information like social security records, passport and visa records and even birth and death records, all of which can be used for identity. The 2005 House of Representatives bill 4437 (H.R 4437) about creating a fence along Mexico and criminalizing the aiding of illegal immigrants and mandatory detention of illegal aliens is an in called for measure. It is against the international human rights as the immigrants are people who have rights.   Detaining someone without evidence of crime committed is an unfair act. Although the H-1 B visas will allow immigrants to work in U.S companies temporarily is not good enough. There will be extreme competition for the visas provided. The industries that benefit a lot from foreign expertise will not optimize their production, as they would want the number of visas increased. ( Bill Ong Hing 79) More rational and long-term solutions should be sought to replace the harsh penalties that have been put in place. The process of legally attempting to enter the U.S and the workforce is not only complex but also expensive and time consuming even for those who would could add value to the country’s human resource. Immigration to Australia is different from the U.S. the country has a strong economy and attracts highly skilled young people who are willing. It uses fair criteria in absorbing immigrants into its workforce. It applies one’s qualifications, work experience as well as language proficiency. It has established immigration programs like the Humanitarian Program and Australian Family Migration. It emphasizes on attracting people who can contribute positively to the economy. It assists immigrants in settling by helping them reside in areas of their choice. Canada is one of the world’s top immigration destination and more than 200,000 new arrivals come under the Canada immigration system annually. It is easier to settle in Canada and obtaining a visa is not very difficult. Like Australia, Canada encourages people with skills and experience and those who are to venture into business. A large proportion of immigration to Canada is under family re union and refugee programs. It also allows for people who are on holidays. Germany on the other hand attempts to encourage the highly skilled workers low skilled workers will therefore find its accessibility difficult. Professors, natural scientists, engineers and scientific qualified personnel in high technologies find immigration easy. They are also given permanent residence and their family members allowed working in Germany as well. Self employed immigrants or entrepreneurs are also allowed as long as they create jobs for Germans and makes profits. Through the Schengen Agreement people can travel through the Schengen countries with one schengen visa. Policy makers should see the global market for immigrants as an opportunity. The visa laws should take advantage of the situation by ensuring that the recruitment process is beneficial to the country through enabling retainment of needed immigrants. Economic migration will be beneficial to the country’s economy. The legal visa system fails to meet its goals. It is outdated and waiting lists for some family visas take more than 20 years. This hinders family members who applied at the prime of their lives to be eventually denied the chance until they are at their retirement age and can add very little if any economic contribution. (http://ccis-ucsd.org/publication/wrkg132.pdf) The logic of family reunion is at times not realized and this is a cause of illegal migration due to frustrations experienced. Setting numerical limits of how many are to be accepted in the system will not be a successful measure unless there is an establishment of flexible numerical limits with mechanisms put in place for adjusting the limits up or down. The criteria used to come up with the limits as to which one should not exceed is also questionable. There could lack consensus on how much the number should be causing loopholes in the system. Immigrants have been beneficial to the U.S economy and they contribute to majority of the new jobs. The issue of immigration is a politicized issue and the point is lost when politics outshine facts and economics. Immigrants should not be harshly treated. Family based visa rules should be restructured to attain the sole purpose of family reunion visas. However this should not outshine the economic function role. Temporary visas are not the best to attract the most outstanding immigrants. Very harsh measures on immigrants who are basically looking for better lives in lesser paying jobs are uncalled for. The many undocumented immigrants do not actually cause a threat to the U.S security. They suffer a lot due to the limited access to social and political services. Criminalizing undocumented immigrants will be a problem as it will encourage more activities in the black market and it won’t be economically viable for the U.S. Tightening security at the borders is a brilliant idea but the rate at which deaths are registered is alarming. If policies were more accommodating this should not be occurring. Increasing the staff and the technology to speed up legal entries will be an appropriate measure in ensuring that immigrants are cleared up faster. According to the conservatives deportation act will not be economically viable to the country. They support the immigrants in fighting for their rights through numerous strikes and demonstrations. The libels support the government in enforcing its sanctions. They are willing and ready to support the government in fighting its enemies be it foreign or domestic.   Conservatives advocate for creation of new legal channels for immigrants. However, protection of national security should not be neglected. To prevent future illegal border crossing the congress should grant immigrants already in U.S form of legal status. Works cited: Jana Evans-Braziel.History of migration and immigration laws in the United States. General premises of US Citizens.Retreived on 29th October 2007 from http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/usMigrat.html Marc R.Rosenblum.US Immigration Reform can the system Be repaired. Retrieved on 29th October 2006 from   http://ccis-ucsd.org/publication/wrkg132.pdf Bromwell W. Jeremy. History of Immigrants to the United States, A M Kelley, 1969.pp 225 Miller E Willard and Ruby M: United States Immigration. A Reference handbook 1996 JV6465 M55.pp304. Josiah M Herman: Finding a Moral heart for US Migration policy. An anthropological Perspective.pp57 Roy H.Beck: The Case Against migration NewYork, 1996,pp40 George J.Borjas: Heavens doors. Princeton University Press.1999, pp52. Bill O. Hing: The immigrant as criminal: Punishing dreamers.9 Hasting women’s law 1998 Journal 79 How to cite Need for Immigration Reform, Essay examples

People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work Essay Essay Example

People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work Essay Essay Presents, twenty-four hours attention, or nursing place is one of centres of supplying stimulation to participants with dementedness and scheduling alleviation to health professionals. However, twenty-four hours attention did little to decide go oning attention issues that resume upon the single returning place while it provided enormous alleviation during the hours of service. So, household health professionals still provide extraordinary, unsalaried attention, preponderantly in the place scene ( Lavretsky et al. , 2010 ) .A Unfortunately, health professionals are frequently placed at great hazard for negative results that besides compromise the wellbeing of the patients with dementedness and rise their hazard for arrangement in institutional scenes. As a consequence, health professional demands are overlooked in most clinical and service scenes, which may worsen the issue of attention of people with dementedness. Challenges of household health professionals We will write a custom essay sample on People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 1. Biological positions Health professionals of people with dementedness must pull off their loved-ones activities of day-to-day life, such as dressing, toileting, and eating. Physically, health professionals are faced with demands affecting aid with day-to-day activities and increased daytime disfunction compared to non-caregiving controls ( McKibbin et al. , 2005 ) . Besides, slumber perturbations have hurtful effects on household health professionals wellness, which is besides documented as being prognostic of heightened hazards, including cardiovascular disease ( Rose et al. , 2008 ) . At the same clip, weariness may lend to the depletion of health professional s determination to commit their demented partner ( Vitaliano et al. , 2003 ) . 2. Psychological positions The emphasis of caregiving in dementedness has been highlighted in legion surveies, frequently described as an ongoing emphasis procedure ( Schulz A ; Martire, 2004 ) . At the beginning, loved one has been diagnosed with dementedness, go forthing many with a sense of apprehension, uncertainness, fright, and shame ( Gorina et al. , 2006 ) . Furthermore, in one survey, health professionals expressed their concerns about a deficiency of cognition on the cause of unwellness, on the interventions available for their relation, and on the types of services available and how to entree those services ( Wong et al. , 2003 ) . In add-on, they feel defeat when holding trouble pull offing drug conformity and medical followups, positive symptoms, such as eccentric behaviours, inordinate and unmanageable emotions, and negative symptoms of their relations with mental unwellness, such as tick overing at place and prevarication in bed all the clip ( Wong, 2000 ) . Later, heartache might happen in response to loss of personal freedom, worry about the hereafter, alterations in functions and function struggle, and breaks in operation ( Holly A ; Mast, 2009 ) . Compared with Western civilization, the sense of familial duty among Chinese health professionals in Hong Kong exacerbates the emphasis of caregiving in dementedness ( Wong, 2000 ) . Social positions Social costs are being borne by health professionals with relations enduring from chronic mental unwellness ( Lowder et al. , 2005 ) . Many surveies have found that household members, peculiarly the health professionals, experience an addition in household struggles, limited friendly relationship and societal life, fiscal trouble, alteration in day-to-day modus operandis ( Wong et al. , 2002 ; Schulz A ; Martire, 2004 ; Wong, 2006 ) .Moreover, Hong Kong health professionals scored significantly higher in societal costs than the Australian health professionals ( Wong et al. , 2002 ) . Sing the challenges of household health professionals above, the intent of this article is to research the potency of back uping to health professionals of people with dementedness in Hong Kong, in consideration of the wellbeing of the patients, particularly of themselves. Current state of affairs in Hong Kong Servicess provided in Hong Kong In Hong Kong the service provided for health professionals of dementedness people is holistic. Social Welfare Department has hotline services every bit good as household services centres to offer guidance, support, and referral services to carers. And the carers support cernter in it and in Caritas Hong Kong besides provide support services for those who need to take attention of the aged at place. Scope of service in such sort of centres are mianly skill-training and educational plans, self-help and common support groups, resouce corner, couseling and referral services, information giving, presentation of rehabilitation-aid equipment and societal recreational activities ( GovHK, 2006 ) . Although there are holistic intercession plans for the health professional of dementedness individual in Hong Kong, we find that those plans maily concentrate on how to better attention for the dementedness people. After analysing the challenges faced by household health professionals above, it is necessary to set accent on the carers every bit good. Second, bar plans or services for carers of people with dementedness which is diagnosed at the first phase are mentioned small. However, the bar is of import for carers as they may cognize the troubles early and have the psychological readying for all the possible challenges in order to supply better service for patients or supportive strength for themselves. Third, the bulk of intercession plans aim at primary health professionals. However, harmonizing to the systemic household position ( Yan, 2003 ) , household is ecological. Although the primary health professional is responsible for the day-to-day attention of the dementedness senior , all household members will see emphasiss. In order to set up a new equilibrium of household kineticss, functions and relationships, power and boundary restructuring are needed to be adjusted to the altering state of affairs. Therefore, household as a system to be considered when an intercession program is adopted is necessary and helpful to keep a harmoniousness and consolidate environment. 2. Policies supported Prior to World War 2, no community-based psychiatric service was available for people with mental unwellness in Hong Kong. These persons were put into refuges run by charitable organisations, such as Tung Wah services ( Yip, 1998 ) . During 1960s and 1970s, really few community-based installations, such as half-way houses and sheltered workshops for mentally sick individuals were established ( Wong, 2006 ) . In 1982, the incident that an acutely psychotic individual went into kindergarten, injured, and even killed a figure of kids created a panic in the community. As a effect, the Hong Kong authorities took more duty in funding societal and vocational rehabilitation services. In the early 1990s, psychiatric inmate and community rehabilitation services have undergone many alterations ( Wong, 2006 ) . However, there are several restriction of the mental wellness attention system and policies. First of all is lack of way and coordination of service. Whereas assorted political, societal, and cultural conditions may hold shaped the development and scene of different precedences in different states, the Hong Kong SAR authorities still has non established an overall mental wellness policy to steer the development of mental wellness services in Hong Kong, even though assorted mental wellness Acts of the Apostless have been lawfully endorsed in such states as the United States, and Canada. Second, bringing of mental wellness services is unequal. In Hong Kong, the dominant service bringing manner is still mostly office-based, with a nine-to-five working agenda. Very few services operated on the weekends and after office hours. Therefore, when health professionals need professional aid, their comparative with chronic mental unwellness who is inactive to intervention may non be able to have timely intercessions. Third, there is a deficiency of community rehabilitation services. Presently, four authorities subsidized resource centres are available, but three of these four centres have been funded by the Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong merely since October 2003. Furthermore, deficiency of usage of informal attention is besides a restriction. In Hong Kong, merely several government-subsidized comparative resource centres exist along with a few self-help groups with little ranks. The mental wellness attention system has non to the full utilized the resources available from these informal and webs ( Wong, 2006 ) . Finally, resources are deficiency for health professionals of people with dementedness. At present, most of the resources in mental wellness attention have been put into services for people with serious mental unwellness, such as schizophrenic disorder, and really few resources have been devoted to set uping services for health professionals of people with mental unwellness, particularly with dementedness, within the misinterpretation of dementedness as a normal phenomenon among the aged. Furthermore, some societal workers may non hold the clinical cognition and accomplishments in mental wellness to execute psychiatric appraisal and guidance for health professionals and their comparative with unwellness. Schemes on how to make bar and intercession When to step in? Harmonizing to Rabins ( 1994 ) , bar can be categorized into three types: primary bar, in which a upset is prevented from happening ; secondary bar, in which an intercession is provided early when the upset is identified ; and third bar, in which morbidity occurs, but long-run effects of upset are diminished after appropriate intercession ( Rabins, 1994 ) . A primary-prevention scheme would take at households at hazard and most current caregiver-intervention surveies are secondary- bar surveies. They focus on persons who have sought aid from an organisation. Identifying persons who are at great hazard of developing impairment due to societal, fiscal, physical, intrapersonal, or interpersonal resources limit early in the class of caregiving could better the usage of bing services and forestall them from worsening more serious jobs. Tertiary bar, that is to minimise the morbidity of persons who have clearly developed unwanted results because of caregiving ( Rabins, 1994 ) . Based on the three stages, different intercessions are used. Prevention plans can be applied to the household members with aged people who might go possible patients or the health professionals of dementedness people who have been diagnosed at an early phase. Public instruction plans about dementednesss can be utile to those households with aged people. Besides, people need to be encouraged to pass on with dementia patients or their health professionals to understand the possible challenges they may run into which besides can be a manner to back up the existent health professionals. Besides, psycho-education group is another good manner to assist health professionals which offers support, cognition and accomplishments preparation. For the intercession programs, they are largely applied to the carers who have already faced the troubles and felt challenged for themselves every bit good as the patients during the lovingness. They may meet the jobs from biological and psychological posit ions. Furthermore, they face the challenges of missing household support every bit good as societal support which make them experience enduring. As a consequence, the undermentioned portion will present the intercession program for carers of dementedness aged. Different facets to step in a. Biological facet It can be counterproductive for household members to go on caring for their relations when they are under bad healthy state of affairs, so it is necessary for household health professionals to reload their energy by taking a interruption from caring for their relations. They should be encouraged and helped to set up more fulfilling and interesting societal lives or they can take a relaxer such as aerobic exercises, massage, watching films with friends ( Stehman, Strachan, Glenner, Glenner, A ; Neubauer, 1996 ) . Furthermore, some accomplishments such as Body scan ( Stehman, et al. , 1996 ) can quiet the health professional down when he or she feels nerve-racking or has tight tenseness. Regular organic structure scrutiny is necessary for the carers every bit good. B. Psychological facets Harmonizing to psychological jobs of health professionals, the most serious points are distress, low self-efficacy which can take to depression and choler during the lovingness procedure ( Gallagher-Thompson, 1994 ) . When reding with the carers, listening is valuable to them as they ever need person to listen to their feelings and experience which is a manner of release ( Marshall A ; Tibbs, 2006 ) . Furthermore, utilizing psycho-educational intercession plans can be helpful in which two plans were developed. One is Increasing Life Satisfaction , the 1 that focused on managing depression by increasing the frequence of battle in pleasant activities, and the other one is Coping with Frustration which aims at anger-management accomplishments and cut downing the frequence every bit good as strength of choler feelings ( Gallagher-Thompson, 1994 ) . Both of the two plans are developed from cognitive-behavioral position. And the continuance can be last 10 Sessionss at three-month interv als between every three Sessionss. Second, other health professional preparation plans which provide support to heighten positive emotion are ever needed. The preparation portions two major ends: to better health professionals ability to get by with the emphasis of caregiving and to authorise health professionals by developing problem-solving schemes ( Kaplan, 1996 ) . The ability of work outing jobs when caring frequently relates to the cognitive position and will act upon the emphasis degree. Another polar purpose is to increase the self-efficacy of carers. Since self-efficacy of health professionals relates to their physical and mental wellness and high degree of depression may take to low self-efficacy and more load to health professionals, it is peculiarly important to heighten the self-efficacy of health professionals ( Fortinsky, Kulldorff, Kleppinger, A ; Kenyon-Pesce, 2009 ) . In a word, efficient intercession to assist health professionals better their problem-solving accomplishments and therefore heighten self-efficacy and cut down the emphasis every bit good as negative emotion such as guilty or choler is of import when sing the psychological facet. c. Family support As mentioned before, balanced household kineticss and support from other members are benefit to both the patient and the health professional. Intervention plans that attempt to assist the household members develop proper attitudes toward their relations, get basic information on the daily direction of their relations, better communicating accomplishments are found to be utile. Indeed, it is necessary for the worker to see household members as spouses and resources in the attention of people with dementia disease. Family therapy ( Marshall A ; Tibbs, 2006 ) is traditionally practised in dysfunctional households and normally it is utile when households are under emphasis. Sing dementedness as a household job instead than a job for a individual individual, or the individual and the carer, can be really constructive. In the household system, usually there are some subsytems such as siblings relationship, parent-child relationship, and matrimonial relationship. And when one of the members have demetia job, struggle or statement arises under the nerve-racking environment. Under this fortunes, better communicating and confidant relationship aid to get by with the crisis ( Quinn A ; Herndon, 1986 ) . The household had a clear but flexible boundary, which allowed other systems come in to supply aid. The household members were besides flexible in seting different functions and positioning in the household to accomplish stableness. So holding household guidance, and affect all the possible members to discourse and portion with each other is of import. Under the understanding, the members can back up each other and the load or emotional job can be eased. d. Social support Caregiver support groups throughout the community to assist people better header with complex issues is necessary like the groups provided by Alzheimer s Community Care ( Caregiver Support Groups, 2010 ) . Besides, it concludes one particular service called 24-hour crisis line to supply crisis intercession. Such sort of intercession is rather utile because it will stabilise and organize exigency resources and advocator for the patient and health professional. Furthermore, it ensures the patient to accomplish the optimal degree of operation, enabling the patient to stay in the least restrictive scene. Educational support group is an intercession used by the bulk of the plans. The aims are to assist health professionals develop cognition about dementedness and the procedure of caring for person with the disease ; to help health professionals to larn about the resources and services available to them and to back up them in their experience of caregiving and in their demand for self-care. Small groups of less than 15 people can be offered to intensify and personalise the cognition gained through the seminars. Caregivers experience more at easiness to raise their concerns and inquiries. Furthermore, workers can hold the clip to turn to concerns and issues selected from them. Enhanced Home and community services ( EHCCS ) plan provided by Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong and Carer support Group organized by Hong Kong Alzheimer`s Disease Association offer such sort of platform for carers. Health professionals can acquire professional resources and emotional support from the sharin g of experient carers. Besides, reprieve attention ( Lawton, 1994 ) allows health professional to be temporarily relieved of the duty for attention. It qualifes as a wide generalized intercession because it supplies the wherewithal of clip for the health professional to make whatever he or she wishes-a ture open-ended intercession. Furthermore, instance direction services provided by community aid health professionals to negociate the societal services or wellness attention system. Through this manner, multiple professionals can be gethered to back up and run into the demands of health professionals and patients. At last, societal workers besides can assist through place visiting and offering couseling. During the assisting procedure, communicating accomplishments and techniques such as nomalization, go toing and miracle inquiries are needed to promote health professionals to portion and show their negative emotions and therefore to measure the health professionals job and aid. When making the couseling, music and art therapy can be an chance for carers to bask and better the quality of life. 3. Suggestion for policies First of wholly, the proviso of psychiatric attention involves such different sections as wellness attention, societal services, instruction, and vocational preparation, and involves different professionals such as head-shrinkers, occupational healers, psychologists, and societal workers. Different operation units have their ain sets of standards and processs for accepting service user. It is easy to appreciate the troubles and confusion household members face when accessing the mental wellness attention system. Therefore, a systemic, comprehensive wellness attention policy should be established, which provide the household health professionals with information on the assorted services available and procure the services for his or her comparative. Second, since a big figure of mentally sick persons live with their household, and some these household members have taken up the lovingness functions, the authorities has the duty to supply resources and funding to back up these household members. In kernel, if household members can adequately execute their lovingness functions, it may cut down the opportunity of their relation s backsliding and accordingly fewer hospitalizations will happen. Finally, in order to increase the household s operation of caring the dementedness people in Hong Kong, the authorities needs to administrate more resources to bureaus that provide single and group reding for health professionals of people enduring from serious and mild psychiatric unwellness. Decision

Little Biographys essays

Little Biographys essays She was born in Erie County, Pennsylvania. She was born in1857-1944.She was an American writer, leader of the muckraking movement in journalism. Tarbell was an associate editor (1894-1906) of McClures magazine (1906-1915) and editor of the American Magazine. Her best known work is the History of the Standard Oil Company. Her other writings are Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (1895), Life of Abraham Lincoln (1900), The Nationalizing of Business, 1878-1898 (1936), and All in the Day's Work: An Autobiography (1939). He was born in Landau, Germany. He was born in1840-1902. He is an American cartoonist and caricaturist. He was educated at the national Academy of Design, NYC. In 1855 he became an illustrator for frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper, and three years later for Harpers weekly. Where he subsequently became a staff cartoonist. His drawing during the American Civil War and Reconstruction periods won him fame. His best-known works are the powerful cartoons successfully attacking the corrupt Tammany Ring, or Tweed Ring, of NYC during the years 1869 to 1872.These cartoons introduced the now famous political symbols of the tiger for Tammany Hall, the donkey for Democratic Party, and the elephant for the Republican Party. In 1887 Nast left Harper's Weekly and in 1894 became a staff member of the Pall Mall Gazette, London. He was born in San Francisco. He was born in 1866 -1936. He was an American Journalist. He was on of the muckraking movement of the early 20th century. He was educated at the University of California and in France and Germany. Between 1902 and 1911 he wrote articles exposing corruption in business and in city government for McClures Magazine, American Magazine, and Everybodys Magazine. The articles were published Steffens and other crusading journalists created the muckraking movement of the first decade ...

10 Facts About Frogs

10 Facts About Frogs Frogs are the most familiar group of amphibians. They have worldwide distribution with the exception of the polar regions, some oceanic islands, and the driest of deserts. 10 Facts About Frogs Frogs belong to the Order Anura, the largest of the three groups of amphibians. There are three groups of amphibians. Newts and salamanders (Order Caudata), Caecilians (Order Gymnopiona), and frogs and toads (Order Anura). Frogs and toads, also referred to as anurans, represent the largest of the three amphibian groups. Of the approximately 6,000 species of amphibians, about 4,380 belong to the Order Anura.There is no taxonomic distinction between frogs and toads. The terms frog and toad are informal and do not reflect any underlying taxonomic differences. In general, the term toad is used to apply to anuran species that have rough, warty skin. The term frog is used to refer to anuran species that have smooth, moist skin.Frogs have four digits on their front feet and five on their rear feet. The feet of frogs varies depending on their habitat. Frogs that inhabit wetter environments have webbed feet while tree frogs have discs on their toes that help them grasp to vertical surfaces. S ome species have claw-like structures on their back feet that they use for burrowing. Leaping or jumping is used as a means for evading predators, not for normal movement. Many frogs have large, muscular back limbs that enable them to launch themselves into the air. Such leaping is rarely used for normal locomotion but instead provides frogs with a way of escaping predators. Some species lack these long muscular back limbs and instead have legs better adapted to climbing, swimming, or even gliding.Frogs are carnivores. Frogs feed on feed on insects and other invertebrates. Some species also feed on small animals such as birds, mice, and snakes. Many frogs wait for their prey to come within range and then lunge after them. A few species are more active and follow in pursuit of their prey.The life cycle of a frog consists of three stages: egg, larva, and adult. As the frog grows it moves through these stages in a process known as metamorphosis. Frogs are not the only animals to undergo metamorphosis, most other amphibians also undergo remarkable changes throughout their life cycles, as do many species of invertebrates. Most species of frogs have a large visible ear drum on each side of their head called a tympanum. The tympanum is located behind the frogs eye and serves to transmit sound waves to the inner ear and thereby keep the inner ear protected from water and debris.Each species of frog has a unique call. Frogs make vocalizations, or calls, by forcing air through their larynx. Such vocalizations usually function as mating calls. Males often call together in a loud chorus.The largest living species of frog in the world is the Goliath frog. The Goliath frog (Conraua goliath) can grow to lengths of 13 inches (33 cm) and can weigh as much as 8 lb (3 kg).Many frogs are at risk of extinction. Many frog species are at risk of extinction due to habitat destruction and infectious diseases such as chytridiomycosis.

Evaluate Consumer behavior and Identify possible segmentation options Term Paper

Evaluate Consumer behavior and Identify possible segmentation options - Term Paper Example Each product line is then segmented further on the basis of customer comfort which includes â€Å"compression†, â€Å"fitted† and â€Å"relaxed† (Forbes.com). Each of these serves a unique benefit. For instance, the â€Å"fitted† line in particularly suited to athletics who need greater body flexibility, and hence, tighter clothing. At present, the accessories segment is classified into bags, hats as well as gloves for sports that incorporate â€Å"moisture-wicking† fabrics and temperature-control technologies (Hallett). These products claim the benefit of keeping the customer cool and dry in situations where moisture may cause body temperature to heat up resulting in excessive sweating. Therefore, by controlling temperature the products provide customers with the benefit of maintaining their highest and best performance for an extended period of time. This is because users are able to ‘use’ their muscles for longer periods of time (Under Armour). The long sleeves provide protection against cuts, wounds and abrasions that are common in sports requiring high friction. Additionally, to users (performers) who desire to look aesthetically pleasing, the compression technology provides the benefit of enhancing visibility of body muscles. Furthermore, the â€Å"PolyArmour† technology provide s the benefit of protecting the users’ body from UV rays of the sun (Northern Athletic). This acts as a sunscreen averting premature ageing. As far as possible demographic and psychographic segmentation is concerned, the company can use its anti-sweating technology to provide other products such as deodorants that block body odor resulting from stress and sweat. This product can be targeted to virtually anyone, primarily women and men aged 19 and above who are likely to experience hormonal changes that are conducive to more sweating. Furthermore, recognizing the fact that the inclusion of women in sports such as

The Music of Bollywood Films Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Music of Bollywood Films - Assignment Example Roopa’s father happily agrees as he knows they both love each other and all he can ask for is the happiness of his daughter. After getting married, Rajeev gets to know about the reality of Roopa and he thinks that she is not the girl he fell in love with and this is all a plan to cheat him. Disappointed and frustrated, he kicks Roopa out of his house while Roopa pleads and begs him to believe that she is the same girl he fell in love with and she did not cheat. Desperate for her love, Roopa decides to meet her husband daily in the night with her face covered. Rajeev with this supposedly different girl falls in love and they start to meet every night. One day Roopa realizes that she is pregnant. Having got to know about this, Rajeev suspects her again of cheating as he does not know that Roopa and that girl are the same person. Then one day, due to heavy rain, the dam breaks out and everything gets washed away in the rain. Then Rajeev realizes how wrong he has been and saves he r wife Roopa from the flood and gets her back to his home. There are many archetypes and stereotypes displayed in the movie. For example, how could two people fall in love with each other without even seeing the faces of each other. Also, woman here is again shown as a weak link of the society and men are portrayed to be the stronger half. Men can treat women the way they want to and women have no right to complain whereas in today’s society, women are given equal rights as compared to men.... One day Roopa realizes that she is pregnant. Having got to know about this, Rajeev suspects her again of cheating as he does not know that Roopa and that girl are the same person. Then one day, due to heavy rain, the dam breaks out and everything gets washed away in the rain. Then Rajeev realizes how wrong he has been and saves her wife Roopa from the flood and gets her back to his home. Archetypes/Stereotypes/Symbols: There are many archetypes and stereotypes displayed in the movie. For example, how could two people fall in love with each other without even seeing the faces of each other. Roopa keeps Rajeev in the dark about her facial disfigurement and he does not get to know about it until marriage. Also, woman here is again shown as a weak link of the society and men are portrayed to be the stronger half. Men can treat women the way they want to and women have no right to complain whereas in today’s society, women are given equal rights as compared to men. Men cannot misbe have with women as there are laws for it now. If a man kicks his wife out of his house, she can go court and the husband will be forced by law to pay her full expenses. Background Music &Sound Effects: The background music and sound effects were very much dramatic and gave the movie a look of a complete love-tragedy movie. The background sounds of Rain and then the breaking of Dam although not too realistic, still added to the glamour of the movie. Music: The music of this movie directed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal was, no doubt, the best music of that year. They won a Filmfare Award for the best music directors for this movie. The theme song of the movie – â€Å"Satyam Shivam Sundaram,† a song that has brought Truth, Destruction and Beauty together, a

Symptoms And Treatments In Cystic Fibrosis

Symptoms And Treatments In Cystic Fibrosis Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common genetically inherited diseases which can cause premature death in western populations, with 1 in 2000-3000 new born babies being found to be affected by Cystic fibrosis in Europe [1]. The disease is caused by defective chloride ion channels along the epithelial membrane of the lungs, pancreas and other organs; although there are several hypotheses as to how this dysfunction specifically gives rise to the typical symptoms. The complications associated with the disease are varied, the most significant being the build up of abnormally thick excess mucus which can cause impaired function of the lungs and other major organs. Fortunately research into new treatments has significantly improved the life expectancy of people suffering from this disease. This essay discusses the causes Introduction The name cystic fibrosis refers to the generation of cysts in the pancreas and the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in the lungs. The internal organs which suffer the most damage as a result of this disease are the lungs and the pancreas; although a variety of other organs are also affected. The first clinical recognition of cystic fibrosis didnt occur until the 1930s when its symptoms were observed and characterised by Dr. Dorothy Anderson. The recessive nature of the disease was confirmed in the mid-forties after an investigation involving over one hundred families; although the defective gene that causes the disease wasnt isolated for another forty years when it was discovered in 1989 by reverse genetics. After the breakthrough in the forties general understanding of the disease increased steadily over the next couple of decades with a major clinical advancements in diagnostics occurring in the fifties with the development of the sweat test. As cystic fibrosis is the result of an autosomal recessive disorder, the sufferer will have to of inherited two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) in order to be affected by the disease. The mutation takes place in a single gene on chromosome 7. This faulty gene leads to the development of a defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In healthy people the CFTR proteins form ion channels to transport chlorine ions across the epithelial membrane of the lungs, pancreas, sweat glands and other organs. It is also thought to regulate the activity of other chlorine-selective channels and some cation-selective (sodium ion) channels. Ions can then pass through these channels thereby maintaining the water potential of the cells. When the fine balance of ion concentration is affected less water is able to pass across the epithelial membrane by osmosis causing excess and highly viscous mucus to build up in the affected organs, resulting in severe long-term respiratory and digestive problems. The human lungs are adapted for use in aerobic respiration by providing a thin, moist surface for gas exchange to take place between the pulmonary arteries and the external environment. For gas exchange to be effective the respiratory surface must comply with Ficks law which requires that the surface area is large, moist and thin to enhance permeability. The resulting fibrosis caused by the disease greatly affects the permeability of the lungs and hence reduces their capacity for gas exchange. Molecular mechanisms There are over 1500 types of mutation which can cause a defect in the CFTR protein, the most common of which is a deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  F508) which Is the cause of approximately two-thirds of CF cases. The mutations are categorised into six classes determined by their impact on the resulting functionality of the CFTR channels, ranging from reduced to complete non-function. Class I, II and III mutations all result in the absence or substantial reduction of functional CFTR. Class I mutations cause a complete lack of protein production due to premature stop codons arising in the genetic code whereas class II mutations produce a protein that doesnt fold properly and so is consequently degraded by the cell. In a class III mutation the lack of effective binding with ATP molecules leads to the defective regulation of CFTR and so again is classified as being non-functional. Classes IV and V still permit the development of functional CFTR albeit with reduced capacity for chloride ion transport or with reduced production of functional CFTR in general due to promoter mutations that decrease transcription [2]. Class VI mutations also produce functional CFTR although its degradation is greatly accelerated. The F508 deletion results in a class II mutation. There are four main hypotheses as to how this defective gene causes disease although it is not known whether the disease is caused by one or a combination these hypotheses. Two of these, the low volume and high salt hypotheses, provide a detailed description of the complications that arise as a result of faulty CFTR by taking into account the composition of airway surface liquid (ASL). Low volume hypothesis In the case of the low volume hypothesis it was postulated that there is little to no difference in the salt concentration of ASL between healthy people and those suffering from cystic fibrosis. This hypothesis suggests that the symptoms of cystic fibrosis are caused by a dysfunction of the CFTR gene resulting in damaged or ineffective sodium ion channels. The damage caused is ergogenic and reduces the inhibition of the ion channels leading to the excessive movement of sodium ions from the ASL into the airways. The increased concentration of positively charged sodium ions in the airways then drives the absorption of chlorine ions and water, reducing the volume of ASL and dehydrating mucus. The dehydrated mucus becomes highly viscous and the cilia present on epithelial cells which are used to aid the clearance of mucus and to increase lung surface area become compressed by the mucosal build up. This compression of cilia inhibits the clearance of mucus which then continues to build up, further reducing the lung surface area. The excess mucus can also form hypoxic niches that can harbour colonies of pseudomonas aeruginosa. Build up of mucus physically reduces the lung surface area affecting the efficiency of gas exchange. The mucus build up also increases the compression of cilia on epithelial cells which inhibits clearance by cilia and coughing. High salt hypothesis The high salt hypothesis assumes that the airway surface liquid of healthy individuals has a relatively low salt concentration when compared to the ASL of cystic fibrosis sufferers. It suggests that the symptoms of the disease are caused by the disruption or complete absence of CFTR function which causes excess sodium and chloride ions to be retained in the ASL. This increased retention of chloride ions leads to the ASL having an abnormally negatively charged composition. This abnormality impairs the activity of the bodys natural bactericidal enzymes such as lysozyme which rely on electrostatic interactions to attach to the bacterial cell walls; thus allowing bacterial infection to persist in the hypoxic niches formed within the lungs. Abnormally high inflammation It has been speculated that the defective CFTR itself may be the cause of excessive inflammation in the airways. However there is limited evidence to suggest that the defective CFTR is a cause of excessive inflammation in itself but rather that it interferes with the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy is the process by which defective proteins are degraded in order to maintain the balance between the recycling and synthesis of cellular products, for example the degradation of defective CFTR by the cells own lysosomes. Research indicates that large amounts of defective CFTR inhibits autophagy, leading to an accumulation of aggresomes which can cause inflammation in the lungs [3]. The resulting inflammation is what gives rise to the characteristic scarring of lung tissue. CFTR bind with P. Aeruginosa Chronic bacterial infection is common amongst all cystic fibrosis sufferers, specifically the bacterial species pseudomonas aeruginosa which binds readily to the CFTR protein. In healthy people the body initiates an immune response in order to fight off the infection. In cystic fibrosis suffers there is enhanced binding between p. Aeruginosa and the CFTR protein, the bacterium is also able to bind without initiating an immune response. The compromised immune response combined with reduced ability to clear mucus due to compressed cilia further increases the risk of severe infection. Symptoms Visible characteristics typical amongst suffers include a slightly meagre appearance due to inefficient absorption of nutrients and the famously salty sweat used to confirm CF diagnosis. Low levels of oxygen in the tissues due to impaired gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream can cause clubbing of the fingers and toes Salty sweat The salty sweat associated with the disease like so many of its symptoms is again caused by faulty CFTR present on the sweat ducts. As sodium ions leave the sweat ducts through ion channels chloride ions follow through them through the CFTR protein channels. However, in cystic fibrosis patients dysfunctional CFTR channels prevent the outward flow of chloride ions from the sweat ducts. The resulting high chloride ion concentration in sweat ducts creates an electrochemical gradient which pulls more positively charged sodium ions into the ducts where the ions combine to form salt (NaCl). The salt is then secreted through pores in the skin resulting in very salty sweat as very little NaCl is reabsorbed. Salt sweat concentration of greater than 60mEq/L is generally considered significant enough to make a diagnosis, although further test may be required. Although poor growth can pose its own health risks the most severe symptoms are caused by the diseases capacity to cause damage to the internal organs. Endocrine CF is commonly referred to as an exocrine disorder meaning the resulting dysfunction affects glands which secrete their products through a duct to the surface of the body or of an organ, sweat glands and pancreatic ducts being an example of this. However some complications can arise in the bodys endocrine glands, glands which secrete their product directly into the bloodstream. Disorders of the endocrine glands tend to affect the secretion of hormones. Damage to the islets of langerhans within the pancreas can impair the secretion of insulin which can eventually lead to CF related diabetes. Pulmonary Lungs are the predominant source of infection, vulnerable to different species of bacteria although P. Aeruginosa becomes predominant; eventually these bacterial colonies form a biofilm which is difficult to remove with antibiotic treatments. The thickening of mucus creates environmental niches suitable for harbouring bacteria. High levels of infection result in an inflammatory response which often leads to extensive tissue damage and scarring regarded as the characteristic fibrosis of the lungs. The resulting fibrosis damages the epithelium of the lungs, making gas-exchange inefficient. Thick mucus also physically reduces the surface area Implications for other organs The lungs arent the only organs that suffer damage as a result of cystic fibrosis Diverse range of other organs affected, majority of these form a part of the alimentary system Lacking digestive enzymes in the intestines Absence of these digestive enzymes impair patients ability to breakdown and therefore digest their food. This generally results in poor growth but in extreme cases can cause severe malnutrition. Alimentary system all digestive systems The formation of cysts blocks ducts in the liver and pancreas preventing the secretion of essential digestive enzymes and hormones. Blocked ducts prevent secretion of enzymes/hormones? Mainly the pancreas which affects absorption of nutrients and can lead to poor growth in suffers Blockage of ducts in the liver New born babies can suffer from meconium ileus, an inability to pass their first faeces (meconium). The resulting ileus can cause blockages in the intestines that can cause rectal prolapse due to the strain involved in producing a bowel movement. Common associations between cases of meconium ileus and CF led to it being used as a postnatal diagnostic technique. Excess viscous mucus isnt only a problem in the lungs. Organs of the alimentary system can also be affected. Thick mucus can block pancreatic ducts preventing the secretion of vital digestive enzymes into the duodenum. The body is then unable to effectively extract nutrients from the ingested foods. Malabsorption is a common symptom of CF generally resulting in poor growth but in extreme cases can cause severe malnutrition. Fertility problems Fertility problems related to CF usually occur before birth whilst the foetus is still developing. Blocking of or complete absence of the connective tube (vas deferens) between the testes and ejaculatory ducts in males means that although they are not sterile they are unable to conceive children by traditional intercourse. In women thick mucus can cause blockages in the cervix or their ovulation cycle may be disrupted malnutrition as a result of CF related enzyme deficiencies. More than 95% of males with CF are infertile. Percentage of CF infertile source world health organisation Treatments Unfortunately there is currently no cure for CF however there are several treatments that can alleviate some of the symptoms associated with the disease, such as the use of hypertonic saline and enzyme replacement. Treatments such as gene therapy are more geared towards creating a permanent cure for CF, although at this moment in time the technology has not been perfected. Pharmacological treatments Fortunately the CFTRs are not the only chloride ion channels available on lung surface epithelium. Certain drugs can stimulate these other channels. Rcjournal. Stimulate the release of calcium or inhibit sodium channels to offset negative effects of whatever hypothesis. Hypertonic saline Major complications of CF stem from the imbalance in ion concentrations caused by the faulty CFTR gene. From this knowledge a line of treatments were developed in order to restore the ionic imbalance and hence improve the bodys ability to clear thick mucus from the lungs. The answer would need to be a sterile solution; high in salts that could be inhaled to replace the ions which werent being transported across the CFTR channels. The solution, hyper tonic saline, is a cheap and effective treatment for reducing the viscosity of mucus in the lungs. After it is inhaled the solution works by creating an osmotic gradient, drawing water into the airways, rehydrating the mucus causing blockages and reducing its viscosity hence making it easier to cleared and coughed up. Enzyme replacement Enzymes can be *injected* to restore the deficiency created by blockages of pancreatic ducts. Patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy can expect to see improvements in growth, weight gain and general health as many illnesses arise from poor absorption of nutrients. Nutritional supplements can also be taken to replace those not being absorbed normally. Important short term treatments are giving nutritional supplements to sufferers to relieve malnourishment and promote healthy growth Nutritional plans generally involve high calorie diets rich in vitamins such as vitamin D to develop strong bones and prevent osteoporosis. Gene therapy Soon after the discovery of the defective gene in 1989 efforts were invested in finding a therapy that could target the disease at its genetic roots. Discovery of an effective method of gene therapy would open a virtual goldmine in treating not only cystic fibrosis but also other genetic diseases. One of the current gene therapy techniques for the treatment of CF involves the use of adenoviruses carrying vectors containing corrected copies of the CFTR gene. The adenoviruses carry double stranded DNA which is deposited in the nucleus of the host cell and then transcribed in the same way as the host cells own DNA. However, as this is an example of somatic gene therapy, the DNA of the adenovirus wont integrate with the host genome and the gene will not continue to be expressed after cellular division. This means the effects are not permanent and patients will require subsequent treatments to maintain the effect. There are of course risks associated with the use of viruses to incorporate functional DNA. Even though the viruses being used are non-pathogenic the presence of a foreign body can still initiate an immune response; the resulting inflammation can be dangerous for patients who are already at high risk of excessive inflammation due to immunocomprimisation. An alternative to adenoviruses are adeno-associated viruses (AAV). AAV vectors are non-pathogenic and have been shown to have a lower prevalence to neutralising antibodies when com pared to adenoviruses in vitro [4]. However they do have a relatively small genome of ~4.8 kilobases, with most gene treatments requiring the complete replacement of the viral genome. As a result of this, research is being targeted towards more effective means of gene therapy with tests being carried out with AAV and lipid-vectors. There is a trade off between the effectiveness of the method used to induce the vector. Viral vectors are more effective at integrating the vector into the host DNA compared to lipid vectors, but there is the increased risk of an immune response. Lung transplant In the most severe cases where patients are suffering from chronic infection lung transplants can be carried out where appropriate. In these cases both lungs need to be transplanted in order to prevent the new lung from being contaminated by existing bacterial populations currently present in the patient. Antibiotics Antibiotics tend to be used prophylacticaly as a pre-emptive measure for preventing infection. One common type of drugs used in treatments are macrolide antibiotics can suppress obstructive secretions in airways The macrolide antibiotics work by binding to the 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. Conclusion The overall outlook for patients with CF has improved dramatically over the past eighty years since the first clinical recognition in the 1930s. A greater understanding of genetics has enhanced both the fields of clinical diagnostics and treatments. The future of treatments points towards gene therapy, we currently have the technology to do this but further research is needed to overcome the major obstacles such as more efficient transfer and getting the gene expression to last longer. [*http://www.who.int/genomics/public/geneticdiseases/en/index2.html#CF] http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576200_2 http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v12/n9/full/ncb2090.html http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v6/n9/full/3300994a.html Figure 1. Sweat chloride concentrations related to cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis. Revised and reprinted by permission from Davis PB. Cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Rev 2001;22:257-264.Figure 1

Good vs. Evil in Psycho Essay

â€Å"Psycho† is a classic suspense film directed by Alfred Hitchcock which features a central female protagonist, a seemingly ordinary young woman named Marion Crane, who crosses paths with a dangerous mentally ill motel owner, Norman Bates. As their strange relationship develops, a dominant theme of good versus evil is introduced to the audience through the use of characterisation, editing, mise-en-scene and various other media techniques. From the outset, Hitchcock introduces an initial theme of good versus evil during the opening credits. The title scene could be seen as a reflection of the personality of Norman Bates as the credits themselves are presented as fragmented titles which come together as one on the screen but then shake and split up again, which hints towards the disjointed personality of Bates. The fact that the titles are dotted around the screen suggests that his character is severely unbalanced and not in a stable condition, foreshadowing the idea that his mind is in different places at different times and it is hard to tell when his mind-set will alter. The contrasting colours used in this scene are also important to the later character development as the black, white and grey each reflect the constantly conflicting part of Bates’ temperament. The darker areas on the screen reflect the deepest inner shadow of his mind, while the lighter areas show that he can also be a good person. They show the persistent inner conflict and the constant battle between good and evil. The grey, however, represents the uncertain parts of his split personality but could also be interpreted to refer to the indecision and doubt seen in the character of Marion as the film develops. This primary theme is developed as we are familiarised with the character of Marion Crane, the dominant leading role. We first see her meeting up with her boyfriend, Sam, in a hotel room during her lunch hour. The camera enters the room by zooming through the window and Hitchcock wants us to feel as if we are intruding on a private moment between the characters inside. This sense of voyeurism is clearly accentuated by the very first shot of the couple which is very personal and intimate – making the viewer feel rather awkward. This scene acts as a vital link to the film as a whole and is fundamental for the expansion of the theme of good and evil as it gives Marion a clear reason to steal the money in the scene that follows. Marion is presented as a good character at this point as her good intentions are outlined: we see that she just wants to marry Sam and for them to be able to be together respectably. When Sam states that he would not be able to provide for her, Marion is given an obvious ulterior motive and a chance to make the transition from good to evil, therefore setting up the entire film. We also notice that, the first time we see Marion, she is wearing white underwear: hinting to her kind and innocent personality but, when we see her after she has made the decision to steal the money, she is wearing black underwear. This visual symbolism presents a contrast between the two different stages of characterisation and depicts the character change of Marion as she goes from good to evil. Similar to the original view of Marion, when we first meet Norman Bates he seems like a very ordinary person, but as the scenes progress we begin to notice slight abnormalities in his behaviour. When Marion arrives at the Bates Motel, the heavy rain which forces her to stop is foreshadowing her impending doom while acting as effective pathetic fallacy as she is feeling isolated and guilty at this point. The fact that Norman hesitates before giving her the key to cabin one hints at his irregularity, along with the fact that he opens the window as soon as he enters the room – as if he is setting up his own escape route – and he never mentions the bathroom, foretelling the event which will take place there. Also, when Marion is checking into the motel, what should have been a clear view of Bates is blurred in the mirror: showing that he is changeable and that his personality is hazy. In a similar shot, only half of his face is shown and this clearly symbolises the fact that only one half of him can ever be fully good at any one time – the other half will always remain evil. However, sympathy is also evoked for Norman in this scene as we see that his mother takes an instant dislike to Marion – something which you would not normally see between two strangers. We see how close – and slightly strange – the relationship between Norman and his mother and the unnatural dependence they have on each other, showing that Norman is trapped in his current situation and making him seem like a good person. A similar effect is used throughout the scene in Norman’s parlour by with the use of light and dark as the lighting picks out significant features such as only one side of Norman’s face and the underside of the owl’s wings. The owl with its wings spread signifies his mother controlling his mind and shows that she is ever present, although we never see her, even when he is behaving normally she will always be inside his mind, therefore making the viewer feel sympathetic towards him as he has no control over his actions. Conversely, framing him next to an owl may suggest that Norman is a predator and the owl is his equal. Like the owl, many other birds are featured in the parlour scene, linking back to the recurring theme. Framing Marion next to them when she first enters the room makes her seem vulnerable and presents her as equal to the birds which Norman has stuffed. The shower scene is important to the character development of Marion as we see her clear transition from the evil character she turned into after stealing the money back to the good character we saw in the beginning. She has changed her mind about stealing the money and has made the decision to go home. We are able to pinpoint the exact moment of relief as she flushes the toilet: it is as if she is flushing away her problems and guilt. This effect is also used when the water goes down the plughole in the shower: representing the washing away of her sins. However, I feel that this image could also be taken to represent evil as Marion’s life is being washed away and she is going to down to Hell for the sins she has committed. A contrast between Norman and his Mother is clearly displayed in this scene although we also see that Norman can be evil while being totally himself as we see him spying on Marion before she is murdered. After the murder, Norman is linked to the crime in many ways. The camera work and editing assists this by panning directly to a view of Norman’s house, telling the story without the need for dialogue. Almost immediately following this we see Norman running from the house and consequently directly linking himself to the murder. We see him automatically assume that his mother has killed Marion without questioning her, making the viewer even more suspicious of him. Both good and evil sides of Norman are presented to the audience at this point as, although he seems flustered and hurried when he first discovers what his mother has done, he is able to relax into a state of unemotional professionalism which allows the viewer to realise that this has happened before. By pretending so strongly that it was in fact his mother who killed Marion, I think it is obvious he is trying to convince himself that he has done nothing wrong and, ultimately, that he is not mentally ill. The mise-en-scene when he sinks Marion’s car is representative of this. We see him framed next to a tree with a split trunk, suggestive to his split personality. The contrast between the two sides of Norman’s personality is extended in the scene which features Marion’s sister, Lila, as she searches the house for evidence relating to the murder. When she enters mother’s room, it looks very inhabited: the bed seems as if someone has just gotten up and the wardrobe is full of neatly stored clothes. Despite the clutter, everything is organised and tidy. I believe this highlights the extent of Bates’ mental illness as we see how much effort he has gone to keep up the illusion. The subjective close-up shot of the hands when Lila scans the dressing table suggests that Norman is still in the clutches of his mother and the darker side of his personality hence reminding us that he is not in control of his situation. Norman’s room provides a total contrast when compared with his mother’s. It is a lot smaller and appears to have remained the same since he was a child and contains an eclectic mix of the possessions of a childish boy and those of a twisted man. This conveys the idea that perhaps he is refusing to grow up or his mind has never developed past this stage. This idea combined with the toys explains his dependence on his mother and why he is so unwilling to leave her. The stuffed owl which sits at his door brings back the recurring motif of birds while also representing the ever present Mrs Bates. She is always watching him and he allows her to control him completely and make his decisions – just as if he were a child. The battle between good and evil continues as Lila makes her way down to the cellar and mother is finally revealed. As the scene ends the climax is completed with a close-up shot of â€Å"mother† which allows us to clearly see the light and dark reflecting in her eye sockets – representing the fact that it is possible for Norman to be both a fully good and fully evil character. Although we are now aware that mother is dead in reality, she continues to live on inside Norman. The last time we see the character of Norman Bates, he has been arrested and we are able to see that the dominant evil personality of â€Å"mother† has won and taken over. To display this, we hear Norman thinking in his mother’s voice and understand that he believes that he is her – unnervingly outlining the severity of his mental illness. The medium shot of Norman sitting in the chair is effective as it shows his body language while he behaves like an old woman; the image is creepy and, in my opinion, really gets under your skin. At this stage I think that it is important we hear mother before we see Norman as it allows the audience to realise that he is not really Norman any more, showing that he is still and not fighting with his inner self as it appears the battle for good over evil has finally been lost. As the camera zooms in on Norman, we see his blank stare change to a sinister grin and a super imposed shot of mother’s skull on his face which shows that the good side of him is trapped inside for what looks like forever. For me, the film did have a satisfying ending as we see the detective bring the case to a close so there are no more remaining questions, but the creepy smile we see at the end makes me think otherwise; leaving us at a cliff hanger of sorts. In conclusion, I believe that, with the use of media features such as characterisation and editing, Hitchcock is able to present a highly engaging struggle between good and evil. Although I did feel sympathy for the character of Norman, I believe that he did have the option to control his actions and get help to fight back against his evil personality but, as he relied on his mother too much, he did not want to push her away. However, while Marion’s decision to steal the money was irresponsible and out of character, I still feel that she did it with good intentions. Overall, I felt that the fact that evil came out on top rather than the more typical outcome made it particularly realistic as, in a real life situation, good would not always prevail.